Research Article

Growth Potential of Different Fungicide Resistant Alternaria solani Isolates of Tomato Leaf Blight Pathogen, under In Vitro, in the Presence of Different Fungicide, Growth Temperature and pH Ion Concentration

V. A. Chavan
Mahatma Phule Agriculture University, India
S. G. Borkar
Mahatma Phule Agriculture University, India
Nivedita A Kadam
Mahatma Phule Agriculture University, India
* Corresponding author
DOI icon 10.24018/ejfood.2020.2.5.110

Read Counter
565

Downloads
490

Citations

Share

Article Sidebar

Submitted 2020-09-03
Published 2020-09-04

Read counter = 565 times

Table of Contents

Article Main Content

Evolution of fungicide resistance in plant pathogens and cross resistance to other fungicides in such pathogens is one of major concerns in sustainable plant disease management. Frequent and unwarranted use of fungicides to control plant diseases not only pollute the earth soil and environment, but also causes the development of fungicide resistance in the plant pathogens, which makes it difficult to manage the plant disease. In India, particularly in western Maharashtra, Alternaria leaf blight pathogen of tomato developed resistance and cross resistance to various fungicides. How these fungicide resistant isolates grow in the different fungicidal environment is reported in the present investigation. Eight different fungicide resistant isolates of Alternaria solani responsible for causing leaf blight in tomato crop were tested for their growth potential, under in vitro condition, on the potato-dextrose-agar(PDA) growth media amended with different fungicides viz. Dithane M-45, Blitox, Kavach, Ridomil, Nativo, Bavistin, Captaf and Score. Different fungicide resistant isolates showed different pattern of growth i.e. complete inhibition of growth, reduced growth or enhancement of growth on different fungicide amended PDA media. The growth of Dithane M-45 resistant isolate was enhanced by fungicide Kavach and Bavistin while reduced by fungicide Blitox. The growth of this fungicide resistant isolate was completely inhibited by fungicide Ridomil, Nativo, Captaf and Score. The maximum enhancement of growth was for Nativo resistant isolate to Bavistin amended PDA media. Bavistin resistant isolate had decreased growth on all fungicides amended PDA media. The minimum reduction in growth was recorded for Kavach resistant isolate on Dithane M-45 fungicide amended PDA media. The growth rate (cm/day) of these fungicide resistant isolates was maximum at 220C temperature as compared to 25 and 300C temperature on the routine PDA growth medium. Captaf resistant isolate produced more growth followed by Nativo, Dithane M-45 and score resistant isolate. The minimum growth was observed for Blitox resistant isolate. As the temperature increases, the growth rate decreased. The growth of fungicide resistant isolates was favored by neutral pH of 7.0 and decreased toward the acidic and alkaline condition. Captaf resistant isolate produced more growth followed by Nativo and score resistant isolates. The minimum growth was produced by Blitox resistant isolate. More growth of fungicide resistant Alternaria isolate means production of more inoculum for disease initiation and spread which is favored at 22 °C temperature and further indicate which fungicide should be used to restrict/manage the growth of particular Alternaria fungicide resistant isolate.

Keywords: tomato, leaf blight, Alternaria solani, fungicide resistance, effect of temperature, pH

References

  1. Jones J. B., 1991. Compendium of tomato diseases. American Phytopathological Society, St.Paul,MN, USA, pp.13-14.
     Google Scholar
  2. Wickramaarachchi,W.A., P.N,Reddy., T.V.Reddy and P.V.Rao.2003. Induction of resostance in tomato against early blight disease with non conventioanal chemicals. Annals of Sri lanka department of Agriculture.5: 271-279.
     Google Scholar
  3. Tofoli,J.G., R.J.Garcia and C.Kurozawa. 2003. Tomato early blight control by fungicide and its effect on yield. Summa-Phytopathologica. 29(3); 225-233.
     Google Scholar
  4. Deora A., H. S. Randhawa and R. C. Sharma. 2004. Incidence of Alternaria leaf blight in tomato and efficacy of commercial fungicides for its control. Annals of Biology.20(2): 211-218.
     Google Scholar
  5. Chohan S., R. Perveen., M. A. Mehmood., S. Naz and N. Akram.2015. Morpho-physiological studies, management and screening of tomato germplasm against Alternaria solani, the causal agent of tomato early blight. International Journal of Agric. Biol.17: 111-118.
     Google Scholar
  6. Chavan V. A. 2016. Detection of fungicide resistance in Alternaria leaf spot pathogen of tomato in western Maharashtra and fungicide resistance management. Ph.D thesis submitted to Mahatma Phule Agriculture University, Rahuri, India.pp 136.
     Google Scholar
  7. Chavan.V. A., R. A. Yumlemban., K. S. Raghuwanshi and S. G. Borkar. 2017. Development of cross resistant isolates of Alternaria leaf blight pathogen of tomato in western Maharashtra. Journal of Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry.6(3):624-628.
     Google Scholar
  8. Reuveni, M., H. Eyal and Y. Cohen.1980. Development of resistance to Metalaxyl in Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Plant Dis.64:1108-1109.
     Google Scholar
  9. Avenot, H. F and T. J. Michailides. 2007. Resistance to boscalid fungicide in alternaria alternata isolates from pistachio in California. Plant Dis.91:1345-1350.
     Google Scholar
  10. Wise, K., C. Bradley., J. Pasche and N. Gudmestad. 2009. Resistance to QOS fungicides in Ascochyta rabies from chickpea in the Northern Great Plains. Plant Dis. 93: 528-536.
     Google Scholar
  11. Fairchild. K.L., T. D. Miles. and P. S. Wharton. 2013. Assessing fungicide resistance in population of Alternaria in Idaho potato field. Crop Prot.49: 31-39.
     Google Scholar
  12. Deising. H.B., S.Reimann and S.F.Pascholati. 2008. Mechanism and significance of fungicide resistance. Braz. J. Microbiol. 39(2): 286-295.
     Google Scholar
  13. Chen C., J. Wang., Q. Luo., S. Yuan and M. Zhou. 2007. characterization and fitness of carbendazim-resistant strains of Fusarium graminearum(wheat scab).Pest Mang.Sci. 63(12):1201-1207.
     Google Scholar
  14. Amy, L., Viviana.V., Rivera.G,A. and C.Neil.Gudmestad. 2003. Temporal sensitivity of Alternaria solani to foliar fungicides. Amer. J.Potota.Res. 80:33-40.
     Google Scholar
  15. Lydia Tymon and A.J.Dennis. 2014. Fungicide resistance of two species of Alternaria from potato in the Columbia basin of Washington.Plant dis. 98(12): 1148-1153.
     Google Scholar
  16. Jaggal Somappa., K. Srivastava., B.K.Sharma., C.Pal and Ravindra kumar. 2013. Studies on growth conditions of the tomato Alternaria leaf spot causing Alternaria solani. Bioscan. 8(1): 101-104.
     Google Scholar
  17. Singh V., P. Kumar and A. P. Sinha. 2001. Influence of different media, pH and temperature on growth and sporulation of Alternaria alternata causing Alternaria blight of chickpea. Legume Res. 24(4): 238-242.
     Google Scholar
  18. Pose, G., A. Patriarca., V. Kyanko., A. Pardo and Fernandez Pinto V. 2009. Effect of water activity and temperature on growth of Alternaria alternata on a synthetic tomato medium. Int.J.Food.Microbiol. 135(1): 60-63.
     Google Scholar
  19. Neergaard P. 1945. Danish species of Alternaria and Stemphylium. E. Munsgarrd Copenhaugau.p.560.
     Google Scholar
  20. Mora A. A, and E. D. Earle. 2001. Resistance to Alternaria brassicicola in transgenic broccoli expressing a Trichoderma harzianum endochitinase gene. Mole Breed. 8: 1-9.
     Google Scholar
  21. Manjunath, H., N. Sevugapperumal., R. Thiruvengadam., A. Theerthagiri and S. Raamasamy. 2010. Effect of environmental conditions on growth of Alternaria alternata causing leaf blight of noni. World J. Agriculture Sciences. 6(2): 171-177.
     Google Scholar
  22. Gemawat, P. D., and S. k. Ghose. 1980. Studies on the physiology of Alternaria solani. Indian J. Mycol and Pl. Pathol. 9(1): 138-139.
     Google Scholar
  23. Samuel G. S and C. V. Govindaswamy. 1972. Effect of vitamins and level of pH on the growth and sporulation of Alternaria solani, the causal agent of the leaf blight disease of sesame. Indian J. Mycol and Pl. Pathol. 2: 185-186.
     Google Scholar
  24. Gupta D. P., and N.S. Nikhraj.1972. Host relation in Alternaria blight of potato germination of spore. Journal of Bihar Bot Soc. 1: 22-26.
     Google Scholar