Accumulation and Combined Effect of Salinity and Heavy Metals on Growth, Yield and Uptake of Green Pea Grown in Piped Hydroponics



Abstract Views
505

Downloads
348

Citations

Share

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##

Submitted Nov 30, 2021
Published Dec 28, 2021
10.24018/ejfood.2021.3.6.424

Abstract viewed = 505 times

Table of Contents

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

This research is to study the accumulation and combined effect of three salinity levels (750, 1500 and 3750 ppm) and of heavy metals (3.26, 3.2, 2 ppm, 2, and 0.2 of Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Mo, respectively) on growth, yield, and uptake of green pea plants grown in piped hydroponic. Due to freshwater shortages, the use of hydroponic growth system was encouraged and used. The experiment consists of planting green peas from seeds into a 6” PVC piped system. After 2.5 months of growing, the experiment was stopped and plants parts were separated and divided into pods, leaves, stems, and roots, Then, physical, and chemical measurements conducted on them. Results indicated that (1) Salt concentration above 1500 mg/l was detrimental on the growth of green pea, (2) the best growth, yield, and biomass weight were observed at salinity of 750 mg/l, (3) heavy metals had positive effect on stems and roots of plants, but declined effect plant growth in general, (4) lines with nutrient deficiency were deficient in growth too, (5) sodium increased in plant’s organs in response to increased salinity in the feed solution, (6) the largest concentration of copper and zinc were found at the roots of the highest salinity level lines (36.05 and 211.58 mg/kg dry plant, respectively), (7) the hydroponic system proved to be efficient and economical and therefore, it is recommended for use for Palestinian farmers, and (8) results obtained in this study agree with previously published research with extent differences.

Keywords: Green Pea, Salinity, Heavy Metals, Pipe Hydroponics

References

  1. Christou P. The biotechnology of crop legumes. Euphytica, 1994; 74:165–185.
     Google Scholar
  2. Choudhury P, Tanveer H, Dixit G. Identification and detection of genetic relatedness among important varieties of green pea (Pisum sativum L.) grown in India. Genetica, 2007; 130:183–191.
     Google Scholar
  3. Rowland I, Mason M, Pritchard I, French R. Effect of field green peas and wheat on the yield and protein of subsequent wheat crops grown at several rates of applied nitrogen. Aus. J. Exp. Agric., 1994; 34:641–646.
     Google Scholar
  4. Petterson.S, Mackintosh B. The chemical composition and nutritive value of Australian grain legumes. Grains Research and Development Corporation, 1994; 4:1-68.
     Google Scholar
  5. The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistic, PCBS. Area and Production of Field Crops in Palestine by Type of Irrigation and Governorate, 2010/2011. Available from: https://pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/Agri.2010-2011,19E.htm. Accessed November 2021.
     Google Scholar
  6. Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database, FAOSTAT. Production/Crops. Available from: http://faostat3.fao.org/ download/Q/QC/E.
     Google Scholar
  7. Pitman G, Lauchli A. Global impact of salinity and agricultural ecosystems. In: Lauchli A, Luttge U (eds) Salinity: environment – plants – molecules. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2002, pp. 3–20.
     Google Scholar
  8. Munns R, Tester M. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2008; 59:651–681.
     Google Scholar
  9. Haddad M, Abu Jaish A. The Occurrence and the Future of Trace Metals in Wastewater Streams in the West Bank. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environmental Protection in Sustainable Development (ICEEP III) --session IV-B, 2013, pp:285-300.
     Google Scholar
  10. Haddad M, Mizyed N, Abu Qaoud H. Individual and Combined Effects of Lead, Zinc, Nickel, and Cadmium on the growth and Uptake of Metals by Eggplants. Proceedings of the Dahlia Griendinger International Symposium on Nutrient Management under Salinity and Water Stress, March 1999, pp 23-33.
     Google Scholar
  11. Parveena T, Hussain A, Rao S. Growth and accumulation of heavy metals in turnip (Brassica rapa) irrigated with different concentrations of treated municipal wastewater. Hydrol Res, 2015; 46-1:60–71.
     Google Scholar
  12. Al-Subu M, Haddad M, Mizyed N, Mizyed I. Impacts of Irrigation with Water Containing Heavy Metals on Soil and Groundwater, A simulation study. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2003;146: 141–152.
     Google Scholar
  13. Yurtseven, E. Salinity management in irrigated areas, concepts, and principles. Proceedings of Salinity in Irrigated Areas Management Symposium", General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, 2004, pp. 17- 48.
     Google Scholar
  14. Fakayode, O. Impact of industrial effluents on water quality of the receiving Alaro River in Ibadan, Nigeria. Ajeam-Ragee. 2005;10:1-13.
     Google Scholar
  15. Qadir M, Wichelns L, Raschid-Sally G, McCornick P, Drechsel B, Minhas S. The challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries. Agric. Water Management, 2008; Available from: http://www. sciencedirect.com.
     Google Scholar
  16. Darvishi H, Manshour M, Farahani A. The effect of irrigation by domestic wastewater on the soil. J. Soil Sci. Environ. Manage. 2010; 1, 30-33.
     Google Scholar
  17. Malassa M, Hadidoun M, Al-Khatib F, Al-Rimawi M, Al-Qutob M. Assessment of Groundwater Pollution with Heavy Metals in North West Bank/Palestine by ICP-MS. Journal of Environmental Protection, 2014; 5-1:54-59.
     Google Scholar
  18. Gunes A, Alpaslan M, Inal A. Plant nutrition and fertilization. Ankara University, Agricultural Faculty Publication No. 1514, 2000; P. 576, Ankara, Turkey.
     Google Scholar
  19. Grattan R, Grieve M. Mineral nutrient acquisition and the response of plants grown in saline environments". In: Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress, M. Pessarakli, (Ed.), Marcel Dekker Press Inc., New York, 1999; pp:203-229.
     Google Scholar
  20. Shahid M, Pervez M, Ashraf M, Ayyub M, Ashfaq M, Mattson N. Characterization of Salt Tolerant and Salt Sensitive Green pea (Pisum sativum L.) Genotypes under Saline Regime. Pak. J. life soc. Sci., 2012; 9-2:145-152.
     Google Scholar
  21. Shahid M, Ashraf M, Perevz M, Ahmad R, Bala R, Sanchez F. Impact of Salt Stress on Concentrations of Na+, Cl- and Organic Solutes Concentration in Green pea Cultivars". Pak. J. Bot., 2013; 45-3: 755-761.
     Google Scholar
  22. Yorgancilar M, Gül Yeðin Z. The effect of different salt concentrations on the root and stem nutrient contents of green pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Jofs). J. Food, Agri. Environ, 2012;10-1: 605-607.
     Google Scholar
  23. Nagajyoti P, Lee K, Sreekanth T. Heavy metals, occurrence, and toxicity for plants. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2010; 8:199–216. DOI: 10.1007/s10311-010-0297-8.
     Google Scholar
  24. Cakmak I., Marshner H. Effect of zinc nutritional status on superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging enzymes in bean leaves. In: Barrow N.J. (ed.) Plant nutrition-from genetic engineering field practice. Kluwer, The Netherlands, 1993. pp 133–137.
     Google Scholar
  25. Fageria K. Influence of micronutrients on dry matter yield and interaction with other nutrients in annual crops. Pesq. Agropec. Bras. 2002;37:1765-1772.
     Google Scholar
  26. Romero-Puertas C, Rodriquez-Serrano M, Corpas J, Gomez M, Del Rio A, Sandalio M. Cadmium-induced subcellular accumulation of O2 and H2O2 in green pea leaves. Plant Cell Environ, 2004; 27:1122–1134.
     Google Scholar
  27. Doncheva Z, Stoyanova V. Influence of succinate on zinc toxicity of pea plants. J. Plant Nutr., 2001;. 24- 6:789-804.
     Google Scholar
  28. Stoyanova Z, Doncheva S. The effect of zinc supply and succinate treatment on plant growth and mineral uptake in pea plant. Braz. J. Plant Physiol., 2002; 14-2:111-116.
     Google Scholar
  29. Lee W, Choi M, Pak H. Micronutrient toxicity in seed geranium (Pelargonium 9 hortorum Baley). J. Am. Soc. Horti. Sci., 1996; 121:77–82.
     Google Scholar
  30. Demirevska-Kepova K, Simova-Stoilova L, Stoyanova Z, Holzer R, Feller U. Biochemical changes in barley plants after excessive supply of copper and manganese. Environ. Exp. Bot., 2004;52, 253–266.
     Google Scholar
  31. Lewis S, Donkin E, Depledge H. Hsp 70 expression in Enteromorpha intestinalis (Chlorophyta) exposed to environmental stressors. Aqua Toxicol., 2001; 51:277–291.
     Google Scholar
  32. Malecka A, Piechalak A, Zieliñska B, Kutrowska A, Tomaszewska B. Response of the green pea roots defense systems to the two-element combinations of metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb). ACTA Biochim. Pol., 2014; 61-1:23-28.
     Google Scholar
  33. Stadtman, R, Oliver N. Metal-catalyzed oxidation of proteins, 1991; 266(4):2005-2008.
     Google Scholar
  34. Hristozkova M, Geneva M, Stancheva I. Response of Pea Plants (Pisum sativum L.) to Reduced Supply with Molybdenum and Copper. Int. J. Agri. Biol., 2006; 8-218-220.
     Google Scholar
  35. American Public Health Association, APHA, American Water Works Association, AWWA, and Water Environment Federation WEF, (2017). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 23 edition. Washington DC. Available from: standardmethods.org.
     Google Scholar
  36. Jebreen H, Wohnlich S., Banning A, Wisotzky, F, Hachenberg A, Ghanem M. Recharge, geochemical processes and water quality in karst aquifers: Central West Bank, Palestine. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2018; 77- 6:1-13.
     Google Scholar
  37. Trejo-Téllez I, Gómez-Merino C, Alcántar G. Elementos Benéficos, En: Nutrición de Cultivos, G. Alcántar G & L. I. Trejo-Téllez, L. I. (Eds.), pp:50-91.
     Google Scholar
  38. Gorsuch T. Sample preparation using the dry-ashing method, Analyst, 1959, Ch. 84, pl05.
     Google Scholar
  39. The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, ICARDA. Methods of Soil, Plant, and Water Analysis: A manual for the West Asia and North Africa region, George Estefan, Rolf Sommer, and John Ryan, 3th Ed., 2001. Available from: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/7512.
     Google Scholar
  40. IBM Corp. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp, 2012.
     Google Scholar
  41. Nenova, V. Effect of Iron Supply on Growth and Photosystem II Efficiency of Pea Plants". Gen. Appl. Plant Physiol., Special Issue, 2006; pp:81-90.
     Google Scholar
  42. Tavori G, Abbo S, Kafkafi U, Schnug E. Influence of nitrate- and sodium chloride on concentration and internal distribution of mineral elements in broad bean (Vicia faba L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). In: Landbauforschung Volkenrode (FAL Agricultural Research), 2004; 54- 4: 189-197.
     Google Scholar