Prominent Doses of Nitrogen Enhance Mulberry and Silk Cocoon Productivity



Abstract Views
515

Downloads
529

Citations

Share

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##

Submitted Nov 15, 2021
Published Jan 10, 2022
10.24018/ejfood.2022.4.1.415

Abstract viewed = 515 times

Table of Contents

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

Nitrogen (N) has potential to improve leaf yield and quality of mulberry plant. However, optimum doses of N for mulberry cultivation have not been updated for long times on the newly developed mulberry varieties in Bangladesh. A study was conducted at the research field and laboratories of Bangladesh Sericulture Research and Training Institute (BSRTI), Rajshahi  to determine the nitrogen (N) requirements and optimum age of mulberry plants to get higher leaf yield, better quality of leaves, successful silkworm rearing performance and suppresses of foliar diseases in mulberry plant. The six treatments executed for trials on N requirements of mulberry plants were: N: 0, 80, 160, 240, 320 and 400 kg/ha/yr. The blanket doses of P & K for N trial were fixed as per recommended doses of BSRTI. Research results indicated that the added nutrient elements (N) favored in increasing growth, leaf yield, improving quality of mulberry leaves, suppresses foliar diseases as well as improved silk cocoon productivity. The leaf yield increased with increased rates of N application. The highest leaf yield was 51.88 Mt/ha/yr found in older plants of 6-10 years of age with the application of N @ 400 kg/ha/yr which was 6.57% higher than the maximum average yield of less than 5 years ages of mulberry plant. All the growth and quality parameters of leaves viz: moisture, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total sugar, soluble carbohydrate, reducing sugar and crude protein exhibited the best performance with the better silkworm rearing performances viz: wt. of 10 matured larval (g), effective rate of rearing by number, single cocoon wt. (g), single shell wt. (g), SR%, highest filament length (m), rendita and cocoon yield/100 dfls (kg) through the treatment of N400 P150 K100 kg/ha/yr (T5) with four split doses in 6-10 years ages of mulberry plant, where the cocoon productivity was 57.85% greater than the control treatment. Furthermore, the average incidence percentages of leaf spot, tukra and powdery mildew diseases were also reduced for the increasing doses of nitrogen. This study concluded that elevated N enhances mulberry leaf yield, quality, silk cocoon productivity as well as suppresses the foliar diseases incidence of mulberry plant.

Keywords: Chlorophyll, leaf quality, leaf spot, powdery mildew, silk cocoon, tukra

References

  1. Jian, Q, Ningjia H, Yong W, Zhonghuai X. Ecological issues of mulberry and sustainable development. Journal of Resources & Ecology.2012; 3(4): 330-339.
     Google Scholar
  2. Singheal BK, Malav R, Sarkar A, Datta RK. Nutritional disorders of mulberry (morusspp.): iii- leaf nutrient guide for secondary nutrients, Sericologia. 1999; 39(40): 599-609.
     Google Scholar
  3. Venkataramu BV. Nutrient status of different mulberry varieties and its effect on growth and development of Bombyxmori L. M.Sc. (Sericulture.) Thesis, UAS, Bangalore. 1986; 89.
     Google Scholar
  4. Guttierrez WA, Shew HD, Melton TA. Source of inoculums and management of rhizoctoniasolani causing damping off on tobacco transplants under greenhouse conditions. Plant Disease. 1997; 81: 604-608.
     Google Scholar
  5. Nasreen A, Cheema GM, Ashfaq M. Rearing of milk BombyxmoriL. on alternative food parts. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 1999; 2: 843-845.
     Google Scholar
  6. Gallegos-Cedillo VM, Urrestarazu M, Álvaro, JE. Influence of salinity on transport of nitrates and potassium by means of the xylem sap content between roots and shoots in young tomato plants. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 2016; 16(4): 991-998.
     Google Scholar
  7. Shankar MA, Rangaswamy BT. Effect of applied nitrogen and potassium on mulberry leaf yield and uality in relation to silkworm cocoon characters. Better Crops International, India. 1999; 13(2): 20-21.
     Google Scholar
  8. Shankar MA, Nagaraju PA, Rangasw BT. Response of mulberry to application of micronutrients and their impact on cocoon production and grainage parameters. The Proceeding of the XVIIth International Sericulture Commission Congress, Cairo- Egypt. 1999; 12-16.
     Google Scholar
  9. Tzenov P, Petkov Z. Nitrogen balanced study at silkworm butterfly (BombyxmoriL.) during the early and late spring season. Zhivotnov" dni Nauki. 1994;31(7-9): 156-159.
     Google Scholar
  10. Sengupta AK, Kumar P, Baig M, Govindaiah Hand book of pest and disease control of mulberry and silkworm. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Thailand. 1990;88.
     Google Scholar
  11. Yashihiko A. Sericulture in tropics. Association for international cooperation of agriculture and forestry, Tokyo, Japan, 1995.
     Google Scholar
  12. Khan MA, Dhar A, Zeya SB, Trag, AR. Pests and Diseases of Mulberry and Their Management. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh 23-A, New Connaught Place, Dehradun-248 001(INDIA).2004.
     Google Scholar
  13. Rabbel MA. Studies on important fungal diseases of mulberry (Morus sp.) leaf in Bangladesh and their control. Phd Thesis, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh.1995.
     Google Scholar
  14. Veresoglou SD, Barto EK, Menexes G, Rillig MC. Fertilization affects severity of disease caused by fungal plant pathogens. Plant Pathology. 2013; 62: 961–969.
     Google Scholar
  15. Mitchell CE, Reich PB. Tilman, D, Groth, JV. Effects of elevated CO2, nitrogen deposition and decreased species diversity on foliar fungal plant disease. Global Change Biology.2003; 9: 438–51.
     Google Scholar
  16. Haber F, Klemensiewicz Z. The results of their research on the glass electrode in the society of chemistry in karlsruhe. The Journal of Physical Chemistry.1909.
     Google Scholar
  17. Heanes DL. Determination of organic C in soils by an improved chromic acid digestion and spectrophotometric procedure, comm. Soil Science and Plant Analysis.1984;15: 1191-1213.
     Google Scholar
  18. Piper CS. Soil and plant analysis. Adelaide University. Hassel Press, Australia. 1950; 368.
     Google Scholar
  19. Subbiah VB, Asija GL. A rapid procedure for estimation of available nitrogen in soils. Current Science. 1956; 25: 259–260.
     Google Scholar
  20. Podder M, Akter M, Saifullah MSA, Roy S. Impacts of plough pan on physical and chemical properties of soil. Journal of Environmental Science & Natural Resources. 2012; 5(1): 289–294.
     Google Scholar
  21. Petersen L. Soil analytical methods soil testing management and development. Soil Resources Development Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 1996; 1–28.
     Google Scholar
  22. Biswas A, Alamgir M, Haque SMS, Osman KT. Study on soils under shifting cultivation and other land use categories in chittagong hill tracts. Bangladesh Journal of Forestry Research.2012; 23(2): 261–265.
     Google Scholar
  23. Huq MS, Alam MD. A handbook on analyses of soil, plant and water. Bacer-Du, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. 2005; 13–40.
     Google Scholar
  24. Soltanpour PN, Workman S. Modification of the nh4hco3-dtpa soil test to omit carbon black. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 1979; 10: 1411–1420.
     Google Scholar
  25. Vijayan K, Tikader A, Das KK, Roy BN, Pavan KT. Genotypic influence on leaf moisture content and moisture retention capacity in mulberry (Morus spp.). Bulletin Sericulture Research.1996;7: 95–98.
     Google Scholar
  26. Hiscox JD, Israelstam GF. Different methods of chlorophyll extraction. Canadian Journal of Botany.1979; 57: 1332-1332.
     Google Scholar
  27. Arnon DI. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 1949; 24: 1-15
     Google Scholar
  28. AOAC. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Method of analysis.13thedition. Washington, Dc, USA.1980; 13044.
     Google Scholar
  29. Wong SY. The use of persulfate in the estimation of nitrogen by the arnold-gunning modification of kjeldahl's method. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1923; 55:427.
     Google Scholar
  30. Miller LG. Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. Analytical Chemistry.1972; 426-428.
     Google Scholar
  31. Loomis EW, Shull AC. Methods in plant physiology. Mcgraw-Hill Book Company, New York.1937.
     Google Scholar
  32. DubiosM, Giles KA, Hamilton TK, Robeos RA, Smith R. Calorimetric determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry.1956; 28: 250-256.
     Google Scholar
  33. Piper CS. Soil and Plant Analysis, Hans Publishers, Bombay.1996.
     Google Scholar
  34. Rai VR, Mamtha T. Seedling diseases of some important forest tree species and their management. Working Papers of the Finish Forest Research Instiatute. 2005; 11.
     Google Scholar
  35. Paul NK, Qaiyyum MA. Effect of different levels of npk fertilizer sand irrigation on yield and nutritive quality of mulberry leaf. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research. 2009; 34(3): 435-442.
     Google Scholar
  36. Miah MAB. Studies on the growth and yield of mulberry (Morusalba L.). PhD thesis. University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh.1989.
     Google Scholar
  37. Ray D. Effect of different doses of ammonium sulphate and lime on soil composition, leaf yield and nutritive value of mulberry leaf. Annual Report, Central Sericulture Research and Training Institute, Berhamapur, India. 1978; 51-55.
     Google Scholar
  38. Shinde KS, Avhad SB, Jamdar SV, Hiware CJ. Impact of spacing, fertilizer on the productivity of mulberry (Morusalba L.) V1 Variety. Life Science Bulletin.2012; 9(2): 276-280.
     Google Scholar
  39. RafiqMA, Ali A, Malik MA, Hussain M. Effect of fertilizer levels and plant densities on yield and protein contents of autumn planted maize. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2010;47: 201-208.
     Google Scholar
  40. Barker AV, Maynard DN, Mills HA. Variations in nitrate accumulation among spinach cultivars. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science.1974; 99: 32-134.
     Google Scholar
  41. Magistad OC, Reitemeier RF, Wilcox LV. Determination of soluble salts in soils. Soil Science. 1945;59: 65-75.
     Google Scholar
  42. Deborah A, Tolman1, Alexander X, Niemiera, Robert D, Wright Influence of plant age on nutrient absorption for marigold seedlings. Horticultural Science.1990; 25(12): 1612-1613.
     Google Scholar
  43. Leghari SJ, Buriro M, Jogi QD, Kandhro MN, Leghari AJ. Depletion of phosphorus reserves, a big threat to agriculture: challenges and opportunities. Science International, (Lahore). 2016; 28(3): 2697-2702.
     Google Scholar
  44. Kamel HM. The effect of fertilized mulberry leaves with balanced npk on the biological, quantitative and technological parameters of silkworm, Bombyxmori L. Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research. 2014; 3(4): 988-993.
     Google Scholar
  45. Parra JRP. Consumoeutilizaçào De Alimentosporinsetos. In: Panizzi, A. R.& Parra, J. R. P. (eds) Ecologianutricional De Insetosesuas Implicaçòes no Manejo de Pragas. Manole, Sào Paulo.1991; 359.
     Google Scholar
  46. Sengupta K, Singh BD, Mustafa JC. Role of vitamins in silkworm nutrition. Indian Journal of Sericulture. 1992; 11(1): 11-19.
     Google Scholar